首先要澄清一個概念，并非由若干種花紋組成的圖案才能稱之為迷彩，即便是單一的偽裝色也應(yīng)屬于迷彩。按照專業(yè)人士的說法，所有具有偽裝保護作用的顏色都可以稱作迷彩。常見的迷彩可以分為三類：保護迷彩、變形迷彩和仿造迷彩。保護迷彩是一種單一色調(diào)的迷彩，如綠色、土黃色等偽裝色。變形迷彩是由多種不規(guī)則斑點組成的多色迷彩，主要應(yīng)用于活動目標(biāo)。仿造迷彩是指仿制周圍背景斑點圖案的多色迷彩，只適用于固定目標(biāo)。我們通常所說的迷彩服實際上屬于變形迷彩。不論那一類迷彩，都是為了擾亂視線并與周圍環(huán)境融洽，以減少被發(fā)現(xiàn)或擊中的概率。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，偵察技術(shù)的增強刺激了偽裝技術(shù)的發(fā)展，世界各國的迷彩偽裝發(fā)展都經(jīng)歷了不同演化階段。?早期的迷彩迷彩偽裝很早以前就在人類戰(zhàn)爭中被應(yīng)用，據(jù)史料記載，古羅馬時期的輕騎兵們就配發(fā)了由動物毛皮制成的軍服，以便迷惑敵人。最早使用低能見度軍服的是英國，1864年，英軍大尉哈里·巴納特·拉姆斯汀在巴基斯坦白沙瓦地區(qū)組織了英國陸軍偵察隊，在制做軍服時，拉姆斯汀為了在偵察時便于偽裝，針對當(dāng)?shù)攸S土地裸露多風(fēng)沙大的特點，選定了土黃色軍服。在后來的作戰(zhàn)行動中，這種軍服起到了較好的偽裝效果。1886年，時任防御工事總監(jiān)的安德魯·克拉克中將的迷彩方案被英軍用于隱藏岸炮掩體，堡壘被漆成紅色、綠色和黃色，火炮排列紊亂，炮兵陣地很難被辨認(rèn)出來，在距離較遠(yuǎn)時偽裝非常有效。1899年，英軍入侵南非，與當(dāng)?shù)氐暮商m人后裔“布爾人”進行持續(xù)3年的“英布戰(zhàn)爭”。布爾人與英軍兵力對比約為1

　　Firstly, it is necessary to clarify a concept that only patterns composed of multiple patterns can be called camouflage. Even a single camouflage color should be considered camouflage. According to professionals, all colors with camouflage protection can be called camouflage. Common camouflage can be divided into three categories: protective camouflage, deformation camouflage, and imitation camouflage. Protective camouflage is a type of camouflage with a single color tone, such as green, earthy yellow, and other camouflage colors. Deformation camouflage is a multi-color camouflage composed of various irregular spots, mainly used for moving targets. Imitation camouflage refers to multi-color camouflage that imitates the pattern of surrounding background spots, and is only suitable for fixed targets. What we usually refer to as camouflage clothing actually belongs to deformation camouflage. Regardless of the type of camouflage, it is all designed to disrupt the line of sight and harmonize with the surrounding environment, in order to reduce the probability of being detected or hit. With the development of science and technology, the enhancement of reconnaissance technology has stimulated the development of camouflage technology, and camouflage development in countries around the world has gone through different stages of evolution. Early camouflage camouflage has been applied in human warfare for a long time. According to historical records, light cavalry in ancient Rome were issued military uniforms made of animal fur to deceive enemies. The earliest use of low visibility military uniforms was in Britain. In 1864, British Lieutenant Harry Barnett Ramstein organized a British Army reconnaissance team in the Peshawar area of Pakistan. When making military uniforms, Ramstein chose a khaki color to facilitate camouflage during reconnaissance, taking into account the characteristics of the exposed yellow soil and strong sandstorms in the area. In later combat operations, this military uniform had a good camouflage effect. In 1886, Lieutenant General Andrew Clark, who was then the director of defense works, used a camouflage scheme by the British army to hide coastal artillery bunkers. The fortresses were painted red, green, and yellow, and the artillery was arranged in a disorderly manner, making it difficult to identify the artillery positions. Disguise was very effective at long distances. In 1899, the British invaded South Africa and engaged in a three-year "Anglo Boer War" with the local Dutch descendants, known as the "Boers". The comparison of Boer and British forces is about 1aa

　　：5。但布爾人發(fā)現(xiàn)，英軍的紅色軍服在南非的熱帶草原綠色中格外醒目、極易暴露。布爾人從中受到啟發(fā)，立即將自己的服裝和槍炮改為草綠色，便于在密草叢林中隱藏。布爾人常常神不知鬼不靠近英軍，突然發(fā)動襲擊，打得英軍措手不及，而英軍卻難以發(fā)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。這場戰(zhàn)爭雖然最終是英軍取得了勝利，但英軍傷亡達遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了布爾人軍隊的傷亡人數(shù)。? 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)

　　: 5. But the Boers found that the red uniforms of the British army were particularly eye-catching and easily exposed in the green of the tropical grasslands in South Africa. The Boers were inspired by this and immediately changed their clothing and guns to grass green, making it easier to hide in the dense grass jungle. The Boers often sneak away from the British army and launch sudden attacks, catching them off guard but making it difficult for them to detect their targets. Although the British ultimately won the war, their casualties far exceeded those of the Boer army. The First World War

　　岸防炮迷彩偽裝

　　Coastal defense artillery camouflage

　　現(xiàn)代軍用迷彩首次出現(xiàn)在一戰(zhàn)當(dāng)中，導(dǎo)致這項技術(shù)產(chǎn)生的直接原因是飛機的出現(xiàn)。一戰(zhàn)時,飛機用于空中偵察、確定敵方火炮、軍隊和車輛等的位置和情況，根據(jù)這些情報，己方炮火可對那些目標(biāo)進行直接打擊。這一過程導(dǎo)致雙方玩起了捉迷藏游戲,每一方都盡量偽裝自己的大炮和軍隊。這就大大刺激了迷彩的誕生,其深遠(yuǎn)影響直至現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭。英國最初的迷彩是在大型火炮上描繪圖案，或用已經(jīng)著色的防水油布或網(wǎng)遮蓋。為了讓武器和背景盡量融合，最初選擇的是綠色或者棕色，但是很快發(fā)現(xiàn),如果把黑色或其他深色涂在淺色的旁邊，那么從高空俯視時,武器的形狀就會變得模糊——這就是迷彩圖案的由來。當(dāng)空中偵察由人眼目視轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹诎渍掌臄z時,反差和形狀就比顏色更重要了。迷彩制作可以運用各種亮色進行創(chuàng)作，只要用各種隨意形狀的深色和淺色涂在大炮上，就可模糊大炮原有的形狀。從1916年開始,連坦克也涂上了色彩明亮的偽裝圖案。1914年進入炮兵服役的巴黎肖像畫家謝沃拉被認(rèn)定是對大炮進行迷彩偽裝試驗的第一人。隨即，一些法國畫家開始步其后塵，把他們的聰明才智運用在偽裝大型火炮方面。謝沃拉很快就從士兵被提拔為上尉。戰(zhàn)爭后期，他在眾多的西線工廠，負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督指導(dǎo)那里雇用的1200名男性和8000名女性工人繪制迷彩。　　迷彩偽裝專家并不總能享受如此悠然的工作，一些畫家因此而喪生,更多的人為此受傷。一次,法國制圖師法爾克試圖從距離敵人50米的戰(zhàn)壕跳出去，給尚未完成的迷彩畫描上最后一筆，結(jié)果眼睜睜地看著自己的右手被子彈洞穿。最初，英國人對他們的土黃色偽裝非常有信心，但當(dāng)他們看到法國人在迷彩偽裝方面的進展后，便于1916年發(fā)展了自己的偽裝部門，它由陸軍中校弗郎西斯·懷亞特負(fù)責(zé)指揮，包括很多著名藝術(shù)家，一名重要顧問就是曾經(jīng)深受歡迎的插圖畫家、后來成為迷彩專家的所羅門。所羅門認(rèn)為：“當(dāng)敵方觀察他所設(shè)計或制成的作品時,是發(fā)現(xiàn)不了任何線索的.　　一些士兵認(rèn)為利用迷彩偽裝不那么光明正大，不符合傳統(tǒng)意義上的戰(zhàn)爭規(guī)則。所羅門認(rèn)為這種人的思維已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭的實際。忽略偽裝的一方必將受制于善于隱藏的一方，或者位置不易被察覺的一方。在所羅門看來,迷彩決不僅僅是戰(zhàn)場的即興表演,更能對贏得現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭起到至關(guān)重要的作用。

　　Modern military camouflage first appeared in World War I, and the direct cause of this technology was the emergence of airplanes. During World War I, aircraft were used for aerial reconnaissance, determining the location and situation of enemy artillery, troops, and vehicles. Based on this intelligence, our own artillery fire could directly strike those targets. This process led to both sides playing a game of hide and seek, with each side trying to disguise their cannons and army as much as possible. This greatly stimulated the birth of camouflage, which had a profound impact even in modern warfare. The initial camouflage in Britain was to depict patterns on large artillery pieces, or to cover them with already colored tarpaulins or nets. In order to blend the weapon and background as much as possible, green or brown was initially chosen, but it was soon discovered that if black or other dark colors were applied next to light colors, the shape of the weapon would become blurred when viewed from a high altitude - this is the origin of camouflage patterns. When aerial reconnaissance shifts from human visual perception to black and white photography, contrast and shape become more important than color. Camouflage production can use various bright colors for creation. As long as various dark and light colors of arbitrary shapes are applied to the cannon, the original shape of the cannon can be blurred. Starting from 1916, even tanks were painted with brightly colored camouflage patterns. Paris portrait painter Xavier, who entered the artillery service in 1914, was recognized as the first person to conduct camouflage experiments on cannons. Subsequently, some French painters began to follow in their footsteps, applying their intelligence and wit to camouflage large artillery pieces. Xie Wula was quickly promoted from a soldier to a captain. In the later stages of the war, he was responsible for supervising and guiding 1200 male and 8000 female workers employed in numerous factories on the Western Front to draw camouflage. Camouflage experts do not always enjoy such leisurely work, resulting in the death of some painters and injuries to many more. Once, French cartographer Falk attempted to jump out of a trench 50 meters away from the enemy and draw the final line on an unfinished camouflage painting, only to watch helplessly as his right hand was pierced by a bullet. At first, the British had great confidence in their khaki camouflage, but when they saw the progress of the French in camouflage, they developed their own camouflage department in 1916, commanded by Army Lieutenant Colonel Francis Wyatt, which included many famous artists, and an important consultant was Solomon, a once popular illustrator who later became an expert in camouflage. Solomon believed that "when the enemy observes the works he designs or creates, no clues can be found. Some soldiers believe that using camouflage is not so transparent and does not conform to the traditional rules of war. Solomon believed that the thinking of such people has fallen far behind the reality of modern warfare. The side that ignores camouflage will inevitably be constrained by the side that is good at hiding or the side whose location is not easily detected. In Solomon's view, camouflage is not just an impromptu performance on the battlefield, but can play a crucial role in winning modern warfare.

　　所羅門的偽裝部隊被冠以迷惑性很強的名字“特別主題公園”，經(jīng)營著幾家工廠制造偽裝材料。到戰(zhàn)爭末期，所羅門的偽裝部隊已經(jīng)制造了84萬平方米的迷彩帆布，超過366萬米的迷彩平紋棉麻織物、549萬米的鐵絲網(wǎng)和585萬平方米的漁網(wǎng)，所有這些都用于偽裝工作。?　　英國人認(rèn)為：偽裝面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)就是那些照片分析專家，與飛行員相比，他們觀察時間更長且不受干擾，并能夠分析出照片所記錄的信息。相機是最準(zhǔn)確的證人，照片總是能夠記錄某些事情。偽裝的藝術(shù)在于：要將希望傳達出去的錯誤信息，像事物原本的意思那樣傳達給對手。　　土壤和植被的擾動、車輛留下的痕跡、軍事目標(biāo)的投影以及爆炸氣浪是最明顯的痕跡。迷彩偽裝本身也要借助高空攝影，所有挖掘工作造成的破壞都要加以掩蓋。軍車在障礙物或樹旁一線排開，軍事設(shè)備亦隱藏在其他障礙物附近，在草地上制造偽爆炸痕跡可用以誆騙對方，對炮兵最有效的偽裝手段就是將整片區(qū)域偽造成普通農(nóng)田，在偽裝網(wǎng)下隱藏火炮。

　　Solomon's disguised troops were given the misleading name "Special Theme Park" and operated several factories to manufacture camouflage materials. By the end of the war, Solomon's camouflage forces had produced 840000 square meters of camouflage canvas, over 3.66 million meters of camouflage plain cotton and linen fabric, 5.49 million meters of barbed wire, and 5.85 million square meters of fishing nets, all of which were used for camouflage work. British people believe that the biggest challenge facing camouflage is the photo analysis experts who, compared to pilots, observe for longer periods of time without interference and are able to analyze the information recorded in the photos. The camera is the most accurate witness, and photos can always record certain things. The art of disguise lies in conveying the wrong information that one hopes to convey to the opponent, just like the original meaning of things. The disturbance of soil and vegetation, traces left by vehicles, projections of military targets, and explosive waves are the most obvious traces. Camouflage itself also requires high-altitude photography, and all damage caused by excavation work must be covered up. Military vehicles are lined up near obstacles or trees, and military equipment is also hidden near other obstacles. Creating fake explosion marks on the grass can be used to deceive the enemy. The most effective camouflage method for artillery is to forge the entire area as ordinary farmland and hide the artillery under the camouflage net.

　　除了有關(guān)火炮和其他武器的隱藏手段,也有用來保護士兵的對策，比如木制的假人。在發(fā)動進攻之前幾分鐘，這些木人在進攻方向一側(cè)或兩側(cè)的壕溝上被暴露出來，在煙霧的掩護下吸引敵人火力,同時隱藏了真正進攻的方向。德軍也在使用畫家繪制迷彩偽裝武器，其中最著名的就是表現(xiàn)主義畫家弗蘭茨·馬克。他曾是一名騎兵，1916年2月，他在將現(xiàn)代畫風(fēng)格彩繪運用于迷彩，采取自然色彩偽裝方式用描繪著粗獷的點的彩畫圖案來隱藏炮位，以避免被空中觀察員和航拍照片發(fā)現(xiàn)。當(dāng)時空中偵察的距離平均高度為2000米，看起來是一個異常遙遠(yuǎn)的視覺距離，但是敵人的飛機從未飛得比這更低。

　　In addition to concealment methods related to artillery and other weapons, there are also countermeasures used to protect soldiers, such as wooden dummies. A few minutes before launching the attack, these wooden figures were exposed on one or both sides of the trench in the direction of the attack, attracting enemy firepower under the cover of smoke while hiding the true direction of the attack. The German army also used painters to paint camouflage weapons, among whom the most famous was the expressionist painter Franz Marc. He was once a cavalryman. In February 1916, he applied modern painting style to camouflage, using natural color camouflage to hide gun positions with painted patterns depicting rough points, in order to avoid being detected by aerial observers and aerial photographs. At that time, the average altitude of aerial reconnaissance was 2000 meters, which seemed an unusually distant visual distance, but enemy planes had never flown lower than this.

　　迷彩圖案非常適于移動物體的偽裝,使其自然地融入背景當(dāng)中，這點對飛機來說效果尤其明顯。而德國人把它發(fā)揮到更高水平，他們用亮色圖案來覆蓋機身，最著名的就是菱形圖案，所有的飛機的整個或者部分機身都被涂上了稀奇古怪的菱形圖案，這些圖案可在飛機制造過程中直接印制在機身上，亦可在戰(zhàn)時手工涂繪，一些菱形圖案甚至被涂以6-7種顏色，這些設(shè)計很快因效果突出而聲名鵲起，并由此自成一種新的空中迷彩形式。所羅門認(rèn)為，早在戰(zhàn)爭初期，德國在大型陣地的迷彩偽裝技術(shù)方面，就已遙遙領(lǐng)先于協(xié)約國。他后來公開了相關(guān)照片，證實早在1914年夏天，德國就已采用復(fù)雜的土層掩蓋防空掩體，他將其稱為“戰(zhàn)略偽裝”，早在1918年3月他就將有關(guān)德國這一舉動的證據(jù)提交給當(dāng)局，但直到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束,這些證據(jù)卻備受官方批駁。到1918年，沒有一位英國或法國的專業(yè)人士去懷疑德國擁有和英法完全不同的、甚至更廣泛的迷彩偽裝方法。

　　Camouflage patterns are very suitable for disguising moving objects, allowing them to naturally blend into the background, which is particularly effective for airplanes. And the Germans took it to a higher level by covering the fuselage with bright color patterns, the most famous of which is the diamond pattern. All aircraft's entire or partial fuselage is coated with strange diamond patterns, which can be directly printed on the fuselage during the aircraft manufacturing process or hand painted during wartime. Some diamond patterns are even painted in 6-7 colors. These designs quickly became famous for their outstanding effects and thus became a new form of aerial camouflage. Solomon believed that as early as the early stages of the war, Germany was far ahead of the Allied powers in camouflage technology for large positions. He later released relevant photos, confirming that as early as the summer of 1914, Germany had already used complex soil layers to cover up air defense shelters, which he called "strategic camouflage". As early as March 1918, he submitted evidence about Germany's actions to the authorities, but it was not until the end of the war that these pieces of evidence were officially refuted. By 1918, no British or French professional had doubted that Germany had a completely different or even more extensive camouflage method than Britain and France.

　　由于德國深知空中偵察的重要性,因此能夠比英法更為迅速地消除痕跡。戰(zhàn)爭初期，德國空軍的一項任務(wù)就是利用相機拍照，標(biāo)示有利于己方火炮進行迷彩偽裝的位置。協(xié)約國直到俘獲了一架德軍偵察機，才知道相機在這方面也能發(fā)揮作用。德國人一直在通過研究空中拍攝的照片來開展迷彩偽裝。比如認(rèn)識到普通建筑會產(chǎn)生影子后，德國人就用涂有迷彩的木板，搭建帶有緩慢斜坡的飛機棚以掩蓋投影；當(dāng)英軍只會用網(wǎng)子掩蓋士兵帳篷時，德軍已經(jīng)懂得把10個帳篷集中在一起，并根據(jù)不同的斜度用迷彩偽裝網(wǎng)把它們?nèi)可w住，以偽裝成一片衣田。這些巨大而精湛的偽裝技術(shù)給后來的研究者留下深刻印象，有理由相信，德軍高超的迷彩偽裝曾嚴(yán)重干擾了協(xié)約國的高層指揮。

　　Due to Germany's deep understanding of the importance of aerial reconnaissance, it is able to eliminate traces more quickly than Britain and France. In the early stages of the war, one of the tasks of the German Air Force was to use cameras to take photos and mark positions that were conducive to camouflage of their own artillery. The Allied powers did not realize that cameras could also play a role in this regard until they captured a German reconnaissance plane. Germans have been conducting camouflage by studying aerial photographs. For example, after realizing that ordinary buildings would produce shadows, Germans used camouflaged wooden boards to build airplane shelters with slow slopes to cover up the projections; When the British only knew how to cover their soldiers' tents with nets, the German already knew how to gather 10 tents together and cover them all with camouflage nets according to different angles to disguise themselves as a field of clothing. These massive and exquisite camouflage techniques left a deep impression on later researchers, and there is reason to believe that the German army's superb camouflage seriously disrupted the high-level command of the Allied powers.

　　公平地說,1918年英軍也曾提倡對整片地區(qū)進行大面積偽裝來隱藏所有的軍備，但相對于德軍從1914年就開始運用這種方法來偽裝其所有部隊的集結(jié)和行動,這種規(guī)劃在戰(zhàn)爭中來得太遲了。

　　To be fair, in 1918, the British army also advocated for extensive camouflage of the entire area to conceal all military equipment, but compared to the German army's use of this method to camouflage the assembly and actions of all its troops since 1914, this plan came too late in the war.

　　一戰(zhàn)英國軍艦迷彩

　　British warship camouflage during World War I

　　“眩目”的船只?一戰(zhàn)中最著名的迷彩偽裝就是被稱為“眩目”的用以船舶偽裝的設(shè)計。這種奇怪而醒目的迷彩圖案設(shè)計是戰(zhàn)前藝術(shù)家諾曼·威爾金森少校的創(chuàng)作，他后來在1919年的一篇演說中解釋了這種設(shè)計背后的理念，

　　The most famous camouflage in the Battle of "Dazzling" ships was the design known as "Dazzling" used for ship camouflage. This strange and striking camouflage pattern design was created by the pre war artist Major Norman Wilkinson, who later explained the concept behind this design in a speech in 1919,

　　這種設(shè)計的初衷是對最初看到船只的敵人起到迷惑作用，讓其以為自己所處的位置無法擊中目標(biāo)，從而重新尋找合適的射擊位置。”“眩目”采用反差強烈的混亂色彩組合，打破了人們對于船只外形的習(xí)慣認(rèn)知，從而給敵方潛艇的進攻過程制造了很大麻煩。

　　The original intention of this design was to confuse the enemy who initially saw the ship, making them think that their position could not hit the target, and thus search for a suitable shooting position again. ”Dazzling "uses a chaotic color combination with strong contrast, breaking people's habitual cognition of the appearance of ships, thus causing great trouble for the enemy submarine's attack process.

　　它的主要目的是擾亂德國潛艇的進攻:而且有證據(jù)顯示,這種方式確實奏效了。 　　一名見過這種迷彩的德軍潛艇指揮官說：“當(dāng)時天空明朗,能見度很高。直到那艘船已經(jīng)到達離我不到1.5公里的距離，我才辨認(rèn)出那是一艘在我右方進行作業(yè)的船只。它后部的深色條紋使船艉看上去像船頭，而船體中部的呈大切口狀的綠色涂漆看上去就像是水的斑點，這是我見過的最棒的偽裝。”

　　Its main purpose was to disrupt the attack of German submarines, and there is evidence to suggest that this approach did indeed work. A German submarine commander who had seen this camouflage said, "At that time, the sky was clear and visibility was very high. It wasn't until the ship had reached a distance of less than 1.5 kilometers from me that I recognized it as a ship operating on my right. The dark stripes at the back made the stern look like the bow, while the large cut shaped green paint in the middle of the hull looked like water spots. This was the best camouflage I had ever seen

　　截至1917年10月，這種迷彩的初步應(yīng)用取得了巨大成功，因此英國海軍決定將其所有商船都繪上耀眼的圖案。在一個可用潛望鏡進行觀察的工作室里，所有圖案都事先在小型木制模型上進行試驗，很多圖案都是由英國皇家美術(shù)院的藝術(shù)家專門繪制的，他們的設(shè)計隨即交給一名領(lǐng)班，由其負(fù)責(zé)將這些圖案按比例放大,供真實物體使用，這種迷彩使用的大部分顏料就是黑、白、藍(lán)、綠,有些是原色，有些是混合在一起的；在確定了一艘艦船的設(shè)計后，垂直線是需要盡量避免的，斜線、曲線和條紋是至今為止最好的選擇，并能產(chǎn)生最大的扭曲效果。

　　As of October 1917, the initial application of this camouflage had achieved great success, so the British Navy decided to paint all of its merchant ships with dazzling patterns. In a studio where periscopes can be used for observation, all patterns are tested on small wooden models in advance. Many patterns are specially drawn by artists from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in the UK, and their designs are then handed over to a supervisor who is responsible for scaling up these patterns for use with real objects. Most of the pigments used in this camouflage are black, white, blue, and green, some of which are original colors and some are mixed together; After determining the design of a ship, vertical lines need to be avoided as much as possible, while diagonal lines, curves, and stripes are the best choices so far and can produce the maximum twisting effect.

　　威爾金森奔赴美國，想把使用“眩目”迷彩偽裝的建議傳達給美國海軍，但美國人已經(jīng)有了自己獨特的方案。到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時，1256艘美國商船也使用了迷彩偽裝技術(shù)，而且聲稱只有不到1%的船只遭到德國魚雷的攻擊。英國海軍部建立了委員會以鑒定“眩目”的實際價值。盡管1918年9月報告稱，沒有證據(jù)可以顯示敵人會一直被這種迷彩所迷惑，但使用迷彩的商船上的軍官和士兵信心和士氣大增，這點毋庸置疑。因此該報告建議應(yīng)該繼續(xù)大規(guī)模使用這種迷彩。

　　Wilkinson went to the United States to convey the suggestion of using "dazzling" camouflage to the US Navy, but the Americans already had their own unique plan. By the end of the war, 1256 American merchant ships also used camouflage technology and claimed that less than 1% of the ships were attacked by German torpedoes. The British Admiralty has established a committee to assess the actual value of 'dazzling'. Although the September 1918 report stated that there was no evidence to show that the enemy would always be deceived by this camouflage, there was no doubt that the confidence and morale of officers and soldiers on merchant ships using camouflage had greatly increased. Therefore, the report suggests that this camouflage should continue to be used on a large scale.

　　可見,和實用性相比，迷彩偽裝策略還有心理方面的作用。

　　It can be seen that compared to practicality, camouflage strategies also have psychological effects.

　　士兵的偽裝?盡管偽裝術(shù)被應(yīng)用于大炮、坦克、飛機和輪船等方面，但在每個士兵身上使用迷彩偽裝圖案在一戰(zhàn)中并未被廣泛應(yīng)用；整個戰(zhàn)爭期間,大部分軍隊穿著單一顏色的戰(zhàn)斗制服，英國士兵穿黃褐色軍裝，德軍士兵穿土灰色軍裝，當(dāng)然也有幾個引人注目的個別現(xiàn)象；法國士兵開始由于穿著深藍(lán)色外衣和紅褲子，很容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一點迫使法軍在戰(zhàn)爭開始后不久便把服裝更換為和地平線天空類似的藍(lán)色。?? 這一時期的偽裝發(fā)展吸收了各種思想，美國藝術(shù)家和動物學(xué)家阿博特·塞耶1 9 0 9年出版的《動物王國的偽裝色》受到廣泛的閱讀，設(shè)計師們試圖通過了解動物如何偽裝以改變軍服和裝備的顏色 ；格式塔心理學(xué)理論、立體主義 、漩渦和印象派的破壞輪廓、抽象和色彩理處理也影響了偽裝的發(fā)展。　?? ?1915年法國在尤金爾賓為首的一群畫家、雕塑家和戲劇藝術(shù)家成立了迷彩部，用天然材料（網(wǎng)線、粗麻布和織物）生產(chǎn)偽裝網(wǎng)；法國士兵（同時也是畫家）路易制造了第一個迷彩服，是只有5 個模式的“南希制服”。1916年在一家百貨公司工作的厄讓·科爾班制作了一套藍(lán)綠點圖案的迷彩服，包括一件迷彩背心，它并不是像大炮迷彩那樣的圖案，生產(chǎn)量也很小。

　　Although camouflage techniques have been applied to artillery, tanks, aircraft, and ships, the use of camouflage patterns on each soldier was not widely used in World War I; During the entire war, most of the military wore single color combat uniforms, with British soldiers wearing yellow brown uniforms and German soldiers wearing earth grey uniforms, although there were also a few notable individual phenomena; French soldiers began to be easily detected due to wearing dark blue coats and red pants, which forced the French army to change their clothing to a blue similar to the horizon sky shortly after the start of the war. The development of camouflage during this period absorbed various ideas, and the American artist and zoologist Abbott Sayer's "Disguised Colors in the Animal Kingdom" published in 1909 was widely read. Designers attempted to change the colors of military uniforms and equipment by understanding how animals disguised themselves; The Gestalt psychology theory, Cubism, Whirlpool, and Impressionism's destruction of contours, abstraction, and color processing also influenced the development of camouflage. In 1915, a group of painters, sculptors, and theater artists led by Eugene Rubin established the camouflage department in France, producing camouflage nets using natural materials such as mesh, burlap, and fabric; French soldier (also a painter) Louis created the first camouflage suit, the "Nancy uniform" with only 5 modes. In 1916, Eug è ne Corbin, who worked at a department store, made a set of camouflage clothing with blue-green dot patterns, including a camouflage vest, which was not designed like cannon camouflage and had a small production volume.

　　在英軍里面，狙擊手都配有寬松的到膝蓋以下的長袍式狙擊專用制服，這些狙擊手長袍每件都是單獨手工繪制的，這些服裝基本上由土褐色的帆布制成，然后在上面還混雜著深土色和深綠色，從而形成迷彩圖案；另一種狙擊手服裝是1916年出現(xiàn)的一種被稱為“涂鴉式制服”的褲子。1916年，德國小批量生產(chǎn)了一種雙面印有綠色、棕色或褐色圖案的鋼盔罩，以防止鋼盔在陽光下發(fā)光。美國從1917年才介入戰(zhàn)爭,但迅速吸取了協(xié)約國在偽裝戰(zhàn)術(shù)方面的教訓(xùn)。美國第40工程師下屬的A公司就是幾名藝術(shù)家自愿建立的一個美國偽裝部門,并在法國城市第戎旁建立了一個迷彩偽裝工廠。1918年1月成立了婦女儲備迷彩軍團，他們?yōu)閼?zhàn)場上的女護士配發(fā)了一種帶有帽兜的罩衫，上面印有石塊和樹干等圖案。這種試驗性質(zhì)的罩衫可以說是最早采用變形迷彩的偽裝服了。19世紀(jì)末，蘇格蘭各狩獵場流行一種“GHILLIESUIT”偽裝服，那是看守們用來伏擊抓捕盜獵者使用的偽裝。1917年"偽裝”這一詞進入英語， 需要指出的是，在美英等國的常用軍語中，并沒有“迷彩”的概念，而是用“camouflage”（偽裝）一詞表示，這個詞源自法文“camoufleur”，為欺騙之意。

　　In the British army, snipers are equipped with loose, knee down long robe style sniper uniforms, each of which is individually hand drawn. These uniforms are mainly made of earthy brown canvas, mixed with dark earth and dark green to form camouflage patterns; Another type of sniper uniform is a type of pants called the "graffiti style uniform" that appeared in 1916. In 1916, Germany produced a small batch of steel helmet covers with green, brown, or brown patterns printed on both sides to prevent the helmets from shining in sunlight. The United States only intervened in the war in 1917, but quickly learned from the lessons of the Allied Powers in camouflage tactics. Company A, a subsidiary of the 40th Engineer in the United States, was voluntarily established by several artists as an American camouflage department and set up a camouflage factory near the French city of Dijon. In January 1918, the Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps was established, which provided female nurses on the battlefield with a hooded sweatshirt with patterns of stones and tree trunks printed on it. This experimental type of cover up can be said to be the earliest camouflage clothing to use deformable camouflage. At the end of the 19th century, a camouflage suit called "GHILLIESUIT" was popular in hunting grounds in Scotland, which was used by guards to ambush and capture poachers. In 1917, the term "camouflage" entered English. It should be pointed out that in the common military language of countries such as the United States and Britain, there is no concept of "camouflage", but rather the word "camouflage", which originates from the French word "camouflage" and means deception.

　　(一戰(zhàn)德軍鋼盔)兩次世界大戰(zhàn)之間一戰(zhàn)后，各種光學(xué)偵察器材的出現(xiàn)，使穿著單一顏色軍服的士兵很難適應(yīng)多種顏色的背景環(huán)境。1929年，意大利推出了最早的迷彩服，它由棕、黃、綠和黃褐4種顏色，它最初用于帳篷，從1937年在這種模式用于產(chǎn)生傘兵罩衫。現(xiàn)代意義上的迷彩偽裝服是德國人在20世紀(jì)30年代研制的。1931年，德國人參考意大利迷彩服，推出了不同的迷彩模式。1935年，德國人推出了世界上第一套真正的迷彩服——“帳篷”式迷彩服。這種迷彩服實際上是一種雨披，可讓士兵隨植被情況對自己和裝備進行偽裝。“帳篷”迷彩服由防水斜紋棉布制成，采用了1931年研制的碎裂塊迷彩。這種迷彩的底色為棕褐色或淡棕色，上面印有大塊的棕色和綠色幾何圖案，并點綴了一些碎石片花紋。1937年，德軍首先在黨衛(wèi)隊對這種迷彩服進行了測試，證實使用碎石迷彩圖案可減少15%的傷亡率。在1938年又推出了獲得專利的頭盔套，套頭毛衣工作服和口罩。大多數(shù)黨衛(wèi)隊都穿著這種由希克教授設(shè)計的“陽光透過樹葉的影子” 迷彩服。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)1943年，德國為部分士兵裝備了3色迷彩軍服。這種迷彩服遍布形狀不規(guī)則的3色斑塊，一方面這些斑塊可歪曲人體的線條輪廓，另一方面其中部分斑塊顏色與背景色近似一體，部分斑塊又與背景色差別明顯，從視覺效果上分割了人體外形，從而達到偽裝變形的效果。二戰(zhàn)中，德軍配發(fā)的迷彩服種類相當(dāng)繁雜，如懸鈴木迷彩、橡葉迷彩、棕櫚迷彩等。除癡迷于迷彩偽裝的第三帝國外，其盟友也研制出各自的迷彩服：意大利和奧地利軍隊配發(fā)的迷彩服以淺綠和淺棕為底色，上面印有黑色及紅棕色斑塊；日軍在戰(zhàn)爭即將結(jié)束時研制的迷彩服最為簡陋，迷彩圖案就是一些深綠及深棕色的小點，幾乎沒有什么偽裝作用。1939～1940年的蘇芬戰(zhàn)爭期間，芬蘭士兵（大多為職業(yè)獵人）在冬季穿著白色偽裝服，憑借著對當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境的熟悉、良好的偽裝以及準(zhǔn)確的槍法狙擊蘇軍士兵，造成蘇軍士兵的嚴(yán)重恐慌，蘇軍稱他們?yōu)椤鞍咨郎瘛薄ＬK聯(lián)紅軍大多數(shù)部隊穿卡其色的制服，在冬季則配發(fā)雪地偽裝衣，只有偵察兵、狙擊手等特別戰(zhàn)斗員穿變形蟲模式的連體迷彩服。1943年后，蘇軍配發(fā)了一種新型林地迷彩服，在深綠底色上點綴有棕色的樹葉及枝條圖案。匈牙利在1938年推出其第一款正式偽裝，這一款是在意大利1929年式迷彩模式為基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展而來的。英國在1940年由藝術(shù)家羅蘭彭羅斯和馮戈爾 、舞臺魔術(shù)師馬斯基林等人組成了工業(yè)偽裝研究組研究偽裝，直至1942年，他們推出手繪的傘兵丹尼森罩衫（后來用絲網(wǎng)印刷）。1940年美國陸軍工程兵部隊開始廣泛的實驗，但一直沒有成績，直到1942年，道格拉斯麥克阿瑟命令制作出150,000叢林迷彩服配發(fā)給美軍。 他們設(shè)計出與青蛙的保護色相近的“ 青蛙皮 ”“ 豹點 ”及“ 鴨獵人 ” 海灘/叢林雙面迷彩服，這是第一次配發(fā)給美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊，在太平洋島嶼作戰(zhàn)的士兵普遍反映磨損嚴(yán)重，不適合部隊，在1944年中止生產(chǎn)。 1944年，參加諾曼底戰(zhàn)役的美軍第2裝甲師士兵配發(fā)了“青蛙皮/“豹點” 迷彩服。由于這種迷彩服的圖案與德國黨衛(wèi)軍的迷彩過于相似，容易導(dǎo)致友軍誤傷，于是撤回了這種迷彩服。二戰(zhàn)之后戰(zhàn)后世界上多數(shù)國家的軍隊都根據(jù)不同需要裝備了迷彩偽裝服。盡管這些迷彩服的偽裝圖案千奇百怪，但其設(shè)計思想基本源自二戰(zhàn)期間的德式迷彩和蘇式迷彩。一些東歐國家引進了德國的“滴雨”模式，如捷克斯洛伐克就曾廣泛使用“滴雨”模式迷彩。法國從50年代開始到80年代末一直使用的“橫紋蜥蜴迷彩”和葡萄牙的“縱紋蜥蜴迷彩”，都是從丹尼森罩衫和相關(guān)類似的迷彩模式為基礎(chǔ)而發(fā)展而來的；但也有其它國家的迷彩服是從蜥蜴迷彩演化出來的，如古巴的蜥蜴圖案、越戰(zhàn)時期美軍的虎紋斑等。英國的丹尼森罩衫一直持續(xù)到50年代末，直到1970年推出M68式DPM（破碎圖案）迷彩服；1984年后，英國重新設(shè)計了DPM的圖案格局和顏色基調(diào)，但仍是容易辨認(rèn)的，很多國家都模仿或直接使用這種迷彩偽裝模式。70年代中期，德國推出“Flecktarn”（斑點迷彩），隨后這種模式被一些國家采用：如比利時空軍突擊隊、丹麥、德國和日本。法國及荷蘭軍隊曾俠范圍測試使用過這種迷彩偽裝模式，后來又推翻重新自行研制。越戰(zhàn)初期，美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊配發(fā)的是暗綠色叢林套裝”,頭盔覆蓋著二戰(zhàn)時期的雙面迷彩布，一面是棕褐色云團，另一面是帶鋸齒的綠葉。而“綠色貝雷帽”穿的是有獨特的黑色、綠色和棕褐色橫線的虎紋斑迷彩服；雖然這種風(fēng)格成為深受部隊喜愛，但這并不是官方認(rèn)可的制式軍服,只是士兵自己向民間裁縫定制的。數(shù)碼迷彩 1978年到1980年，美陸軍與納蒂克研究中心共同研制數(shù)碼迷彩，駐扎在歐洲的美國第二裝甲騎兵團首先測試使用數(shù)碼迷彩服，2002年正式列裝美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊（USMC），現(xiàn)已在美軍諸多兵種廣泛使用。1979年-1980年，澳大利亞陸軍與ROTHTECH公司做數(shù)碼迷彩試驗，在設(shè)計這種迷彩服時參考了大量視覺生理學(xué)方面的資料，充分考慮到環(huán)境變化的因素。最近，數(shù)碼迷彩圖案戰(zhàn)斗服裝已被很多國家軍隊正式列裝，包括：

　　After World War I, the emergence of various optical reconnaissance equipment made it difficult for soldiers wearing a single color military uniform to adapt to a multi colored background environment. In 1929, Italy introduced the earliest camouflage clothing, which came in four colors: brown, yellow, green, and yellow brown. It was originally used for tents and was used in 1937 to create paratrooper cover shirts in this pattern. The modern camouflage suit was developed by Germans in the 1930s. In 1931, Germans introduced different camouflage patterns based on Italian camouflage clothing. In 1935, Germans introduced the world's first true camouflage suit - the "tent" style camouflage suit. This camouflage suit is actually a type of rain cloak that allows soldiers to disguise themselves and their equipment according to the vegetation conditions. The "tent" camouflage suit is made of waterproof twill cotton fabric and uses the fragmented block camouflage developed in 1931. The base color of this camouflage is brown or light brown, with large geometric patterns of brown and green printed on it, and embellished with some gravel patterns. In 1937, the German army first tested this camouflage suit on the SS and confirmed that using the gravel camouflage pattern could reduce the casualty rate by 15%. In 1938, patented helmet covers, pullover sweaters, workwear, and masks were introduced. Most SS soldiers wear this camouflage suit designed by Professor Hick, which features the "sunlight shining through the shadows of leaves". In 1943, during World War II, Germany equipped some soldiers with 3-color camouflage military uniforms. This camouflage suit is covered with irregularly shaped 3-color patches. On the one hand, these patches can distort the contours of the human body. On the other hand, some of the patches have colors that are similar to the background color, while others have obvious color differences from the background. From a visual perspective, they divide the human body shape, thus achieving the effect of camouflage deformation. During World War II, the German army issued a wide variety of camouflage uniforms, such as plane camouflage, oak leaf camouflage, palm camouflage, and so on. In addition to the Third Empire, which was obsessed with camouflage, its allies also developed their own camouflage uniforms: the camouflage uniforms issued by the Italian and Austrian armies were based on light green and light brown, with black and reddish brown patches printed on them; The camouflage uniforms developed by the Japanese army towards the end of the war were the most rudimentary, with camouflage patterns consisting of small dark green and brown dots that had almost no camouflage effect. During the Soviet Finnish War from 1939 to 1940, Finnish soldiers (mostly professional hunters) wore white camouflage suits in winter, relying on their familiarity with the local environment, good camouflage, and accurate marksmanship to snipe Soviet soldiers, causing serious panic among Soviet soldiers. The Soviet army called them the "White Reapers". Most units of the Soviet Red Army wore khaki uniforms and were given snow camouflage suits in winter, with only special fighters such as reconnaissance soldiers and snipers wearing amoeboid style jumpsuits. After 1943, the Soviet army issued a new type of forest camouflage suit, decorated with brown leaves and branches on a dark green background. Hungary launched its first official camouflage in 1938, which was developed based on the 1929 Italian camouflage pattern. In 1940, the UK formed an industrial camouflage research group consisting of artists Roland Penrose and Vongol, stage magician Maskelyne, and others to study camouflage. It was not until 1942 that they introduced hand drawn paratrooper Denison hoodies (later screen printed). In 1940, the US Army Corps of Engineers began extensive experiments, but there were no results until 1942, when Douglas MacArthur ordered the production of 150000 jungle camouflage uniforms to be distributed to the US military. They designed "Frog Skin", "Leopard Point", and "Duck Hunter" beach/jungle double-sided camouflage uniforms that were similar in color to frogs. This was the first time they were issued to the United States Marine Corps, and soldiers fighting in the Pacific islands generally reported severe wear and tear, making them unsuitable for the troops. Production was discontinued in 1944. In 1944, soldiers from the US 2nd Armored Division who participated in the Normandy Campaign were issued "Frog Skin/Leopard Point" camouflage uniforms. Due to the similarity between the pattern of this camouflage suit and the camouflage of the German SS, which could easily cause accidental injury to friendly forces, this camouflage suit was withdrawn. After World War II, the armies of most countries in the world were equipped with camouflage suits according to different needs. Although the camouflage patterns of these camouflage uniforms are varied, their design ideas are mainly derived from German and Soviet camouflage during World War II. Some Eastern European countries have introduced Germany's "Drip Rain" pattern, such as Czechoslovakia, which widely used the "Drip Rain" camouflage pattern. The "striped lizard camouflage" used in France from the 1950s to the late 1980s and the "longitudinal lizard camouflage" used in Portugal were both developed based on Denison hoodies and similar camouflage patterns; But there are also other countries' camouflage uniforms that evolved from lizard camouflage, such as Cuba's lizard pattern and the US military's tiger stripe during the Vietnam War. The Denison hoodies in the UK continued until the late 1950s, when the M68 DPM (Broken Pattern) camouflage suit was introduced in 1970; After 1984, the UK redesigned the pattern and color tone of DPM, but it was still easily recognizable, and many countries imitated or directly used this camouflage camouflage mode. In the mid-1970s, Germany introduced the "Flecktarn" (spotted camouflage), which was later adopted by some countries such as the Belgian Air Force Assault Team, Denmark, Germany, and Japan. The French and Dutch armies once tested and used this camouflage camouflage mode within a certain range, but later overturned it and developed it themselves. In the early stages of the Vietnam War, the US Marine Corps was issued a dark green jungle suit, with helmets covered in double-sided camouflage fabric from World War II, with brown clouds on one side and serrated green leaves on the other. The 'Green Beret' is wearing a tiger striped camouflage suit with unique black, green, and brown horizontal lines; Although this style has become popular among the military, it is not an officially recognized standard military uniform, but rather a custom made by soldiers themselves to civilian tailors. From 1978 to 1980, the US Army and the Natick Research Center jointly developed digital camouflage. The US Second Armored Cavalry Regiment stationed in Europe first tested the use of digital camouflage uniforms, which were officially deployed to the US Marine Corps (USMC) in 2002 and are now widely used in many branches of the US military. From 1979 to 1980, the Australian Army conducted digital camouflage experiments with ROTHTECH company. When designing this camouflage suit, a large amount of visual physiology data was referenced, fully considering the factors of environmental changes. Recently, digital camouflage pattern combat clothing has been officially included in the military of many countries, including:

　　加拿大軍隊（CADPAT），美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊（MARPAT）、美國航空部隊（ 飛行員作戰(zhàn)制服 )，約旦（KA2系列），菲律賓國家警察特別行動部隊

　　Canadian Armed Forces (CADPAT), United States Marine Corps (MARPAT), United States Air Forces (pilot combat uniforms), Jordan (KA2 series), Philippine National Police Special Operations Unit

　　、菲律賓海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊、菲律賓陸軍，哥倫比亞國民軍 （里奧塔），厄瓜多爾軍隊 ，秘魯陸軍 （PACIPAT），危地馬拉陸軍特種作戰(zhàn)旅，意大利陸軍

　　Philippine Marine Corps, Philippine Army, Colombian National Army (Riota), Ecuadorian Army, Peruvian Army (PACIPAT), Guatemalan Army Special Operations Brigade, Italian Army

　　（Vegetato），愛沙尼亞國防軍 （ESTDCU），伊拉克國家警察 ，克羅地亞軍隊（NBS2006） 拉脫維亞 ，芬蘭國防軍

　　（Vegetato）， Estonian Defense Forces (ESTDCU), Iraqi National Police, Croatian Army (NBS2006), Latvia, Finnish Defense Forces

　　（M05），中國武警部隊（05型）和解放軍 （07型

　　（M05）， Chinese Armed Police Force (Type 05) and People's Liberation Army (Type 07)

　　），塞爾維亞（DMDU-03），科威特陸軍（KAPAT），俄羅斯聯(lián)邦軍隊，泰國皇家武裝部隊，印尼軍隊 Batalyon

　　）Serbia (DMDU-03), Kuwait Army (KAPAT), Russian Federation Army, Royal Thai Armed Forces, Indonesian Army Batalyon

　　，墨西哥武裝部隊SEDENA - 08型，土耳其武裝部隊，黎巴嫩空降團、黎巴嫩海軍海豹團 ，新加坡武裝部隊（林地和干旱），也門國內(nèi)治安部隊。韓國2006年8月通過了一項數(shù)碼偽裝模式有點類似于美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊的MARPAT，目前正在供應(yīng)特種戰(zhàn)單位。同時，他們還準(zhǔn)備引進另一種正規(guī)部隊數(shù)碼迷彩。在德國 、丹麥和日本，列裝的是斑點迷彩（flecktarn）而不是像素模式。

　　, Mexican Armed Forces SEDENA -08, Türkiye Armed Forces, Lebanese Airborne Regiment, Lebanese Navy Seals Regiment, Singapore Armed Forces (woodland and drought), Yemen Internal Security Forces. In August 2006, South Korea adopted a digital camouflage mode similar to the US Marine Corps' MARPAT, which is currently being supplied to special operations units. At the same time, they are also preparing to introduce another type of digital camouflage for regular troops. In Germany, Denmark, and Japan, the column is equipped with speckled camouflage instead of pixel mode.

　　目前，一些國家現(xiàn)正積極評價數(shù)碼迷彩服，如奧地利、波蘭和西班牙 。今天，多數(shù)迷彩服都采用變形迷彩以迷惑敵人的肉眼。變形迷彩通常由三色或四色形狀不規(guī)則的色斑構(gòu)成，一部分色斑和背景色幾乎融為一體，另一些色斑則與背景色差別明顯。

　　Currently, some countries are actively evaluating digital camouflage uniforms, such as Austria, Poland, and Spain. Today, most camouflage uniforms use deformable camouflage to deceive the enemy's naked eye. Deformable camouflage is usually composed of irregularly shaped spots of three or four colors, with some spots almost blending in with the background color, while others have significant color differences from the background.

　　這樣，就從視覺效果上分割了人體外形，起到迷惑敵人的作用。而在設(shè)計迷彩服時，還要求迷彩色斑在服裝上不能有任何重復(fù)，各種斑點的組合必須能起到破壞服裝外形的作用。設(shè)計迷彩圖案時，設(shè)計師首先考慮的是如何讓迷彩色斑最大程度地適應(yīng)作戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的自然環(huán)境。比如，俄羅斯和歐洲一些森林資源豐富的國家多采用帶有鋸齒和樹葉形色斑的迷彩服，沙特等中東國則使用美國研制的三色或六色沙漠迷彩服。自然環(huán)境越復(fù)雜的國家，需要裝備的迷彩服種類就越多。需要說明的是，很多人都認(rèn)為夜幕降臨時最好的偽裝就是一身黑色的夜行服”。

　　In this way, the human body shape is visually segmented, playing a role in confusing the enemy. When designing camouflage clothing, it is also required that the camouflage spots on the clothing must not have any repetition, and the combination of various spots must be able to destroy the appearance of the clothing. When designing camouflage patterns, designers first consider how to make the camouflage spots adapt to the natural environment of the combat area to the greatest extent possible. For example, Russia and some forest rich countries in Europe often use camouflage uniforms with jagged teeth and leaf shaped spots, while Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia use three or six color desert camouflage uniforms developed by the United States. The more complex the natural environment, the more types of camouflage uniforms need to be equipped in countries. It should be noted that many people believe that the best disguise when night falls is a black nightgown.

　　但事實上黑色不但起不到偽裝的作用，反而會暴露目標(biāo)。海灣戰(zhàn)爭期間，美軍裝備了由黑方格組成的夜間迷彩，使用效果還不錯。影響迷彩圖案設(shè)計的因素不僅僅是環(huán)境，民族習(xí)慣、宗教信仰、甚至政治因素都決定了一種迷彩圖案的誕生。德軍二戰(zhàn)中使用的各種迷彩服堪稱經(jīng)典，但多數(shù)人可能都不清楚，為什么德軍的迷彩圖案總是離不開各種樹木呢？原因很簡單，德國人在心靈深處對森林有一種莫名的原始崇拜，因此產(chǎn)生靈感設(shè)計出了一系列以樹干和樹葉為色斑的迷彩服。有意思的是，直到20世紀(jì)70年代，伊拉克、利比亞和埃及等國的軍服依然使用了德國人設(shè)計的迷彩圖案。這倒不是因為德軍的迷彩在這些地區(qū)偽裝效果好，而是出于政治因素。眾所周知，自1948年以來阿拉伯國家就一直與以色列“叫板”。

　　But in fact, black not only fails to camouflage, but also exposes the target. During the Gulf War, the US military was equipped with night camouflage composed of black squares, which worked quite well. The factors that affect camouflage pattern design are not only the environment, but also ethnic customs, religious beliefs, and even political factors that determine the birth of a camouflage pattern. The various camouflage uniforms used by the German army during World War II can be considered classics, but most people may not know why the camouflage patterns of the German army always rely on various trees? The reason is simple: Germans have an inexplicable primitive worship of forests deep in their hearts, which inspired them to design a series of camouflage uniforms with tree trunks and leaves as color spots. Interestingly, until the 1970s, military uniforms in countries such as Iraq, Libya, and Egypt still used camouflage patterns designed by Germans. This is not because the German camouflage has a good camouflage effect in these areas, but due to political factors. As is well known, Arab countries have been challenging Israel since 1948.

　　為了表示對以色列的憤慨，這幾個國家竟然原封不動地照搬了德軍的迷彩設(shè)計！由于戰(zhàn)爭的需要和科技的進步，各國對迷彩服的紡織材料和印染技術(shù)上不斷加以改進。一些國家的設(shè)計人員在印制迷彩色斑的染料中加入了特殊的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，使迷彩服反射紅外光波的能力與周圍自然景物相似，從而達到迷惑近紅外夜視儀的目的。一套正規(guī)的軍用迷彩服不但要起到在白天迷惑敵人的肉眼的功能，還要有防儀器偵察的能力。目前，各國裝備的迷彩服基本具備了防近紅外及微光夜視器材偵察的能力。近紅外光是一種人眼輕易看不到的紅外光，可以被物體反射。用近紅外夜視儀觀察時會發(fā)現(xiàn)，在紅外的世界中，綠色植物因葉綠素的細(xì)胞壁反射了90%以上的近紅外線而變成了白色或淺灰色，其他物體也因?qū)t外線的反射能力不同而呈現(xiàn)出不同的灰度。此時，普通的軍服就因反射近紅外線的能力弱而呈深灰色或黑色。

　　In order to express their indignation towards Israel, these countries actually copied the camouflage design of the German army unchanged! Due to the needs of war and advances in technology, countries have continuously improved the textile materials and printing and dyeing techniques for camouflage clothing. Designers in some countries have added special chemicals to the dyes used to print camouflage spots, making the camouflage suit's ability to reflect infrared light waves similar to the surrounding natural scenery, thus achieving the goal of confusing near-infrared night vision devices. A formal military camouflage suit should not only have the function of deceiving the enemy's naked eye during the day, but also have the ability to resist instrument reconnaissance. At present, camouflage uniforms equipped by various countries have basically the ability to resist near-infrared and low light night vision equipment reconnaissance. Near infrared light is a type of infrared light that is easily invisible to the human eye and can be reflected by objects. When observed with a near-infrared night vision device, it can be found that in the infrared world, green plants turn white or light gray due to the reflection of more than 90% of near-infrared light by the cell wall of chlorophyll. Other objects also exhibit different gray levels due to their different ability to reflect infrared light. At this point, ordinary military uniforms appear dark gray or black due to their weak ability to reflect near-infrared light.

　　因此，設(shè)計人員在印制迷彩色斑的染料中加入了特殊的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，使迷彩服反射紅外光波的能力與周圍自然景物相似，從而達到迷惑近紅外夜視儀的目的。目前，有關(guān)人員正在研制可防遠(yuǎn)紅外（即熱紅外）及雷達偵察的迷彩服，以便讓士兵在戰(zhàn)場上完全“隱身”。需要指出的是，有不少軍品愛好者有一種錯誤的看法，認(rèn)為迷彩服只要洗過一次就失去了防紅外偵視的功能。其實，一套合格的軍用迷彩服即便洗爛仍具有防紅外偵察的功能。

　　Therefore, designers added special chemicals to the dye used to print camouflage spots, making the camouflage suit's ability to reflect infrared light waves similar to the surrounding natural scenery, thus achieving the goal of confusing near-infrared night vision devices. At present, relevant personnel are developing camouflage uniforms that can resist far-infrared (i.e. thermal infrared) and radar reconnaissance, in order to make soldiers completely "invisible" on the battlefield. It should be pointed out that many military enthusiasts have a mistaken view that camouflage uniforms lose their anti infrared detection function as long as they are washed once. In fact, a qualified military camouflage suit still has the function of preventing infrared reconnaissance even if it is washed away.

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